Retroreflective member producing iridescent reflected light

ABSTRACT

A retroreflective member that can improve the visibility further. The retroreflective member includes a reflective layer and transparent microscopic beads  13 . The retroreflective member gives a phase difference corresponding to a visible light wavelength to at least a part of incident light and recombines, emphasizes a light component having the visible light wavelength by interference, and returns coherent light having a visible light wavelength depending on the incident angle in the traveling direction of the incident light. The reflective layer includes a light-transmissive interference layer  14 , and the interference layer  14  each has an optical layer thickness of 100 to 600 nm so as to generate an interference color having a visible light wavelength depending on the incident angle of light.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/665,713,filed May 12, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,684,544, which application was aU.S. National Stage of International App. Ser. No. PCT/JP2008/061237,filed Jun. 19, 2008, and claims priority to Japanese Patent ApplicationNo. JP 2007-161170, filed Jun. 19, 2007.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to retroreflective members, and morespecifically, to improvements of retroreflective members usingretroreflected light and interference colors of a metal compound.

BACKGROUND ART

Retroreflective members that exhibit clear and desired colors underdiffused light conditions and that exhibit sufficient reflectedluminance under retroreflection conditions have been proposed (PatentDocuments 1 to 3, for instance).

Reflected light from conventional retroreflective members cannot becolored directly, and the reflected light has just a single color.Although the reflected light can be colored by coloring the surface ofthe reflective member or by bonding a film or the like thereto, it isimpossible to display clear and desired colors under diffused lightconditions. In addition, the thickness and texture (hardness) of thebase member make it hard to produce a desired design.

-   Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent No. 3432507 (Color    retroreflective member)-   Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application    Publication No. Hei-11-167010 (Colored-light retroreflective member)-   Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Application Publication No.    Hei-10-500230 for PCT International Application (Retroreflective    product and manufacturing method thereof)

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

In recent years, many reflective members have been used and worn, butany reflective members worn and used at nighttime (road signs,reflective plates on pedestrian walkways along roads, work vests,reflective members for apparel) provide similar reflected light thatbecomes submerged in non-reflected light from road lamps on pedestrianwalkways along roads, distant streetlights, and the like. The wearersare not quite noticed, and the visibility to drivers is not enough.

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide aretroreflective member that can be converted to any design and shape andcan show clear and desired colors under diffused light conditions, andthat can exhibit retroreflective performance with improved safety andcan enhance visibility at nighttime by adding varying interferencecolors to the retroreflected light under retroreflection conditions.

To achieve the object, a retroreflective layer having higher reflectionperformance and an interference color was needed. The technologiesdisclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 3 above were studied and found to beunfit for means for solving the problems described above.

The technologies that let reflected light exhibit an interference colorunder retroreflection conditions include those disclosed in PatentDocuments 2 and 3 above.

However, with the technology disclosed in Patent Document 2, reflectedlight of just a single color can be produced. Also, since the technologydisclosed in Patent Document 3 uses a light interference film bonded toa reflective surface, the single-color reflected light passing throughthe light interference film can provide an interference color, butcannot produce a desired color under diffused light conditions. Thethickness and texture of the base member make it difficult to findapplications in apparel. Moreover, the reflection performance does notsatisfy the requirements of class 1 of JIS Z 9117-1984, and the safetylevel is not high enough.

Therefore, the technologies disclosed in the Patent Documents listedabove could not be applied to provide means for enhancing the visibilityof the retroreflective member.

In view of the problems in the related art, it is an object of thepresent invention to provide a retroreflective member that can improvevisibility further.

Means for Solving the Problems

After the inventors studied the performance of the retroreflectivemember, they have found that iridescent reflected light, which isindispensable to enhance visibility, can be assuredly obtained bysetting the optical layer thickness of a light-transmissive interferencelayer to 100 to 600 nm, and have provided the present invention.

The produced iridescent reflected light has a wavelength component inthe visible range emphasized by interference, and the wavelengthcomponent in the visible range emphasized by interference varies withthe incident angle of light entering the retroreflective member. Ingeneral retroreflected light, substantial changes in color depending onthe incident angle cannot be observed. The iridescent reflected light ofthe present invention varies in color with the incident angle. While theincident angle of light entering the retroreflective member is varyingunder retroreflection conditions, it can be clearly observed that thecolor of light reflected from the retroreflective member changesiridescently, for example, from orange through red, reddish purple,purple, bluish purple, blue, greenish blue, green, yellowish green, toyellow. The iridescent reflected light of the present invention can beobtained by controlling the optical layer thickness of the interferencelayer within the range of 100 to 600 nm.

Specifically, to achieve the foregoing object, a retroreflective memberaccording to the present invention includes a reflective layer andtransparent microscopic beads, the retroreflective member giving a phasedifference corresponding to a visible light wavelength to at least apart of incident light and recombining, emphasizing a light componenthaving the visible light wavelength by interference, and returningcoherent light having a visible light wavelength depending on theincident angle in the traveling direction of the incident light; thereflective layer including a light-transmissive interference layer; andthe interference layer each having an optical layer thickness of 100 to600 nm so as to generate an interference color having a visible lightwavelength depending on the incident angle of light.

In the present invention, an optical layer thickness of 100 to 600 nmgenerates the interference color of a first order (λ/4) or a secondorder (3λ/4) of a visible light wavelength. The optical layer thicknessof each layer in the interference layer of the present invention ispreferably 100 to 600 nm and more preferably 100 to 200 nm.

In the present invention, it is preferred the interference layer be amultilayer interference film formed by alternately depositing a layer ofa low-refractive-index metal compound and a layer of ahigh-refractive-index metal compound having a higher refractive indexthan the low-refractive-index metal compound, and the optical layerthickness of each metal compound layer forming the multilayerinterference film be 100 to 200 nm.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the multilayerinterference film include metal compound layers each having a higherrefractive index than the transparent microscopic beads, on both sidesin the metal compound deposition direction.

This is because more desirable retroreflected light can be obtained whenplacing metal compound layers having a higher refractive index than thetransparent microscopic beads, on both sides in the metal compounddeposition direction, than in the other arrangements.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the high-refractive-indexmetal compound be one material selected from the group consisting ofzinc sulfide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, zirconiumdioxide, alumina, and magnesium oxide, and the low-refractive-indexmetal compound be one material selected from the group consisting ofcalcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, sodium fluoride, and silicondioxide.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the maximum thickness ofthe total thickness of the multilayer interference film be selected inthe optical layer thickness range of 300 to 600 nm.

Specifically, this is because, if the layer thickness is smaller than300 nm, the interference light becomes dim; and if the layer thicknessis larger than 600 nm, a desired interference light may be not obtainedor the appearance color may become opaque.

In the present invention, it is especially preferred that the maximumthickness (total thickness) of the multilayer interference film beselected in the optical layer thickness range of 300 to 600 nm. When theoptical layer thickness of each layer is within 100 to 200 nm, it can beused in a retroreflective member of the present invention.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the multilayerinterference film include a zinc-sulfide layer having an optical layerthickness of 140 nm, a magnesium-fluoride layer having an optical layerthickness of 140 nm, and a zinc-sulfide layer having an optical layerthickness of 140 nm, deposited in that order from the side of lightincidence.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the multilayerinterference film include a zinc-sulfide layer having an optical layerthickness of 140 nm, a silicon-dioxide layer having an optical layerthickness of 140 nm, and a zinc-sulfide layer having an optical layerthickness of 140 nm, deposited in that order from the side of lightincidence.

In the present invention, it is preferred that gradations within therange of 100 to 200 nm be added to the optical layer thickness of eachmetal compound layer forming the multilayer interference film.

In the present invention, it is preferred that gradations within therange of 100 to 200 nm be added to the optical layer thickness of eachmetal compound layer forming the multilayer interference film such thatthe ratio of the optical layer thickness T₉₀ when the incident angle oflight with respect to the retroreflective member is 90 degrees, theoptical layer thickness T₇₅ when the incident angle is 75 degrees, theoptical layer thickness T₆₀ when the incident angle is 60 degrees, theoptical layer thickness T₄₅ when the incident angle is 45 degrees, andthe optical layer thickness T₃₀ when the incident angle is 30 degreessatisfies the relationship 1.00:0.95:0.85:0.70:0.50.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the interference layer bea single-layer interference film of a metal compound, and the opticallayer thickness of the single-layer interference film be 100 to 600 nm.

Specifically, this is because, if the layer thickness is smaller than100 nm, the interference light becomes dim; and if the layer thicknessis larger than 600 nm, a desired interference light may be not obtainedor the appearance color may become opaque.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the metal compound be onematerial selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide, titaniumdioxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium dioxide, alumina, magnesiumoxide, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, sodium fluoride, andsilicon dioxide.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the single-layerinterference film be a zinc-sulfide layer having an optical layerthickness of 400 nm.

In the present invention, it is preferred that gradations within therange of 100 to 600 nm are added to the optical layer thickness of thesingle-layer interference film.

In the present invention, it is preferred that gradations within therange of 100 to 600 nm be added to the optical layer thickness of thesingle-layer interference film such that the ratio of the optical layerthickness T₉₀ when the incident angle of light with respect to theretroreflective member is 90 degrees, the optical layer thickness T₇₅when the incident angle is 75 degrees, the optical layer thickness T₆₀when the incident angle is 60 degrees, the optical layer thickness T₄₅when the incident angle is 45 degrees, and the optical layer thicknessT₃₀ when the incident angle is 30 degrees satisfies the relationship1.00:0.95:0.85:0.70:0.50.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the interference layer beprovided below the plurality of transparent microscopic beads.

In the present invention, it is preferred that the metal compound layerprovided just below the transparent microscopic beads have a higherrefractive index than the transparent microscopic beads in theinterference layer.

This is because more desirable retroreflected light can be obtained whenthe metal compound layer provided just below the transparent microscopicbeads has a higher refractive index than the transparent microscopicbeads in the interference layer, than when the refractive index is nottaken into account.

In the present invention, it is preferred that a colored layer and acolorless transparent layer be provided below the interference layer andabove the transparent microscopic beads.

In the present invention, it is preferred that a colored layer, acolorless transparent layer, and a base member bonding adhesive layer beprovided below the interference layer.

Functions

A retroreflective member of the present invention has a reflective layerthat includes a light-transmissive interference layer, and the opticallayer thickness of the interference layer is set to 100 to 600 nm, sothat iridescent reflected light can be obtained.

In a first aspect of the present invention, a transmissive layer of onemetal compound and a transmissive layer of another metal compound form amultilayer interference film having an odd multiple of the optical layerthickness (λ/4), and this film is used as the reflective layer.

According to this first aspect of the present invention, because thereflective layer contains transmissive metal compounds, colors of adesign or the like on a material or a colored layer below the reflectivelayer can be seen through the upper reflective layer, under diffusedlight conditions. Under retroreflection conditions, a part of lightentering from above is reflected by the reflective layer and producesretroreflection. Since the reflective layer consists of layers ofdifferent types of metal compounds, the differences in refractive indexamong the layers (odd multiple of λ/4) cause a part of the incidentlight to retroreflect in the interference colors of the metal compounds.Resultant visual effects are: The reflected light can be colored; andsince the interference colors of the metal compounds change withvariations in the incident angle of light, the reflected light alsochanges to iridescent interference light.

In this first aspect of the present invention, it is preferred that onemetal compound and another metal compound be selected such that thedifference in refractive index in the visible range is about 0.2 orgreater, more preferably about 0.3 or greater. For example, aretroreflective member is formed by using a high-refractive-indexcompound having a refractive index of 1.74 or greater as one metalcompound and a low-refractive-index compound having a refractive indexof 1.46 or smaller as the other metal compound. The visual effects ofcoloring the reflected light and changing it to iridescent interferencelight can be increased by increasing the difference in refractive index,as described here. It is preferable to deposit three or more layers.

A retroreflective sheet of a second aspect of the invention can beformed by using the base member of the first aspect and providing amulticolor printed design or the like and an adhesive layer below thereflective layer. A retroreflective label having a desired design andshape can be created.

According to the first aspect of the present invention, theretroreflective member can be converted to a desired design or shape,can display clear and desired colors under diffused light conditions,can exhibit retroreflection performance with improved safety underretroreflection conditions, and can enhance visibility at nighttime byadding varying interference colors to the retroreflected light.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, theretroreflective member has a light-transmissive single-layer metalcompound layer as the reflective layer and retroreflects at least a partof incident light coming from above, almost in the incident direction.The retroreflective member uses an interference color depending on thethickness of the single-layer metal compound layer.

The metal-compound reflective layer in the third aspect differs from themultilayer interference film in the first aspect in that it uses theintrinsic interference color of the metal compound, and the reflectivelayer has varying deposition thickness.

The metals useful in the invention (high- and low-refractive indexmetals) do not include aluminum, which is most commonly used as areflective layer of a retroreflective member, because aluminum isreadily deposited on a projected part (nearest part) and drips little,in the vapor deposition step. Because of these properties, the metalcompound or the like is deposited on transparent microscopic beadsheeting, which is the deposition base member. Therefore, the metalcompound is deposited thickly in the upper part of the transparentmicroscopic beads and thinly in the side of the transparent microscopicbeads. Consequently, a retroreflective member having an egg-shapedmetal-compound reflective layer can be created along the transparentmicroscopic beads.

A retroreflective sheet of a fourth aspect of the invention can beformed by using the base member of the third aspect of the invention andproviding a multicolor printed design or the like and an adhesive layerbelow the reflective layer. A retroreflective label having a desireddesign and shape can be created.

According to the third aspect of the present invention, theretroreflective member can be converted to a desired design or shape,can display clear and desired colors under diffused light conditions,can exhibit retroreflection performance with improved safety underretroreflection conditions, and can enhance visibility at nighttime byadding varying interference colors to the retroreflected light.

According to various embodiments of the present invention, ahigh-refractive-index compound is one material selected from the groupconsisting of zinc sulfide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, tin oxide,zirconium dioxide, alumina, and magnesium oxide.

A low-refractive-index compound is one material selected from the groupconsisting of calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, sodium fluoride, andsilicon dioxide. These metal compounds are deposited on the surfaces oftransparent microscopic beads or the like by vapor deposition,sputtering, and other methods, and the deposited layers can be used as areflective layer. Therefore, a retroreflective member that reflectslight having interference colors can be manufactured. Even if a singlelayer of a metal compound is deposited with an eye to economy anddurability, a similar retroreflective member that reflects light havingan interference color can be manufactured.

The refractive index of light of each metal compound in the visiblerange depends on the wavelength λ of light, and the values are generallyas follows.

High-Refractive-Index Compounds

Zinc sulfide (ZnS): 2.40

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂), rutile: 2.71, anatase: 2.52

Indium oxide (In₂O, In₂O₃): 2.00

Tin oxide (SnO, SnO₂): 1.90

Zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂): 2.40

Alumina (aluminum oxide, Al₂O₃): 1.76

Magnesium oxide (MgO): 1.74

Low-refractive-index compounds

Calcium fluoride (CaF₂): 1.44

Magnesium fluoride (MgF₂): 1.38

Sodium fluoride (NaF): 1.29

Silicon dioxide (SiO₂): 1.46

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, it is preferredthat the maximum thickness of the entire reflective layer be within therange of 300 to 600 nm in order to ensure an interference color ofreflected light in a wide range of angles while balancing the requiredreflection luminance rate with light transmittance. The thickness ofeach deposition layer can be selected as desired, preferably an oddmultiple of the optical layer thickness, λ/4, used in reflectionenhancement films and antireflection films.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, it is preferredthat the maximum thickness of the reflective layer be within the rangeof 300 to 600 nm in order to ensure an interference color of reflectedlight in a wide range of angles while balancing the required reflectionluminance rate with light transmittance. In the preferable shape of thedeposition layer, the reflective layer can be evenly parallel along thetransparent microscopic beads for reflection and refraction, but astructure that varies the thickness of the deposition layer isespecially preferred to emphasize the interference color.

A retroreflective member according to a seventh aspect of the presentinvention has an interference-color reflective layer of several aspectsof the invention in the positions of the refractive focal points ofreflected light below the plurality of evenly distributed transparentmicroscopic beads.

A colored layer in the second aspect of the present invention isdisposed below the interference layer and can be converted to a desireddesign and shape and can display clear and desired colors under diffusedlight conditions. If the colored layer is a colorless transparent layer,a bonded material or a design and colors on the surface of the materialcan be visually recognized from above the transparent microscopic beads,and a retroreflective member that has enhanced visibility at nighttimeand that exhibits retroreflective performance with improved safety underretroreflection conditions can be provided by adding varyinginterference colors to the retroreflected light.

A desired design and shape can also be created above the transparentmicroscopic beads (on the reflective surface) and clear and desiredcolors can also be displayed. However, they disturb (or refract)incident light, making it impossible to obtain retroreflected light.Therefore, it is advisable to color a part of a design or letters andavoid front printing on the transparent microscopic beads (on thereflective surface).

A retroreflective member according to the fourth aspect of the presentinvention has a desired design or the like colored on a reflectivemember having an interference layer in its reflective layer, as inseveral aspects of the invention, and has an adhesive layer to be stuckto a bonding base member (film, fabric, signboard, etc.).Retroreflective labels and logos that allow a desired design, shape, andcolors to be created by printing (screen printing, offset printing,gravure printing, etc.) on the colored layer and adhesive layer can beprovided.

The type of the retroreflective members of the present invention is notespecially limited. Besides the open type (the transparent microscopicbeads are exposed), a closed type (the transparent microscopic beads areburied), an embossed cube type (microprisms), and the like are provided.The same reflected light can be obtained even if the interference layeris placed at positions of lower reflective focal points.

Advantages of the Invention

A retroreflective member of the present invention has alight-transmissive interference layer, and the optical layer thicknessof the interference layer is set to 100 to 600 nm. According to thepresent invention, highly visible iridescent reflected light can beassuredly produced, and consequently, the visibility can be improvedfurther.

More specifically, it becomes possible to provide a retroreflectivemember that can be converted to any design or shape, can show clear anddesired colors under diffused light conditions, can exhibitretroreflective performance with improved safety under retroreflectionconditions, and can enhanced visibility at nighttime by adding varyinginterference colors to the retroreflected light. Because the reflectedlight differs from reflected light produced by widely used generalreflective members or light produced by road lamps on pedestrianwalkways along roads, distant streetlights, and othernon-reflective-member sources, the visibility to drivers can beimproved.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Embodiments preferred for carrying out the retroreflective memberaccording to the present invention and examples thereof will bedescribed below. The description below is given to promote deepunderstanding of the present invention but not to confine the scope ofthe claims.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1 is an enlarged sectional view showing the structure of aretroreflective member according to a first embodiment of the presentinvention. In FIG. 1 and other drawings, for the sake of convenience inillustration, just a portion of the retroreflective member extending ina planar direction is drawn such that it has an uninterrupted regulararrangement of glass beads and has layers each with an even thickness inthe direction in which the planar layer extends. The dimensions of theglass beads and the thickness of each layer are not always illustratedat an accurate ratio with respect to the thickness of a different layer,and the thickness is sometimes increased or decreased for the sake ofdescription.

In FIG. 1, the retroreflective member has a layer structure thatincludes a base layer 11, a covering layer 12, glass beads (transparentmicroscopic beads) 13, a multilayer interference film (interferencelayer) 14, a colored resin layer (colored layer) 16, and an adhesiveresin layer (adhesive layer) 21, in that order from the top.

The retroreflective member is stuck to a target surface 22, such asfilm, fabric, and hot melt film.

The base layer 11 is made of resin film or paper. When in use, the baselayer 11 and the lower covering layer 12 are stripped off together fromthe retroreflective member and become an open-type retroreflectivemember (with the glass beads exposed), as shown in a left-part portionof FIG. 1. The covering layer 12 is a layer of colorless, transparentresin such as polyethylene.

The glass beads 13 are placed side by side below the covering layer 12.Glass beads having a refractive index of about 1.9 are selected as theglass beads 13. A refractive index of 1.92 and a bead diameter of 38 to50 μm or 50 to 85 μm are preferred here. The position of the refractivefocal point of the glass beads 13 corresponds to the lower hemisphericalsurface of the glass beads 13. The multilayer interference film 14 ismade of an interference metal compound deposited on the bottom surfaceof the glass beads 13 (or on the surface of the covering layer 12 in agap between adjacent glass beads 13) and has three deposited layers: 140nm (optical layer thickness) of zinc sulfide, 140 nm (optical layerthickness) of silicon dioxide, and 140 nm (optical layer thickness) ofzinc sulfide. It is preferred that the optical layer thickness of eachdeposited metal-compound layer be an odd multiple of a quarter,especially ¼ or ¾, of a visible wavelength of 400 to 800 nm.

As shown in FIG. 1, a reflective colored resin layer 19, the coloredresin layer 16, and a transparent resin layer (transparent layer) 20 areprinted below the multilayer interference film 14. When the reflectivecolored resin layer 19 and the colored resin layer 16 have unrelatedcolors or related colors, they can be used to produce a visuallyrecognizable pattern under diffused light conditions or to produce avisually recognizable pattern under reflected light. Even if thetransparent resin layer 20 is added, the same can be confirmed visually,and the texture, colors, and the like of the target surface 22 can alsobe viewed. The present embodiment has the reflective colored resin layer19, the colored resin layer 16, and the transparent resin layer 20, butit is needless to say that only any one of the reflective colored resinlayer 19, the colored resin layer 16, and the transparent resin layer 20can be used instead. If the reflective colored resin layer 19 and thecolored resin layer 16 have pale colors, those colors would be mixedwith the color of the target surface 22. A resin layer with pulverizedtitanium dioxide or the like can be provided below the reflectivecolored resin layer 19 and the colored resin layer 16 to avoid colormixing.

The adhesive resin layer 21 is disposed below the reflective coloredresin layer 19, the colored resin layer 16, and the transparent resinlayer 20. The adhesive resin layer 21 is a layer provided to stick theretroreflective member onto the target surface 22. When the adhesiveresin layer 21 is hot melt film or an adhesive sticker, bonded releasepaper (not shown) should be peeled off before affixing.

An upper colored resin layer resin layer 17 is a layer of colored resin,transparent resin, or the like. The layer does not produce reflectedlight, and its color can be confirmed visually under diffused lightconditions. However, if the ratio of the upper colored resin layer resinlayer 17 is large with respect to the surface area of theretroreflective member, the visibility of reflected light decreases.When transparent resin is used, the coloring (below the glass beads) canbe confirmed visually through the transparent resin under diffused lightconditions, and the upper colored resin layer resin layer 17 blocksreflected light under retroreflection conditions. Therefore, hiddenletters, a design, and other special features can be created.

A feature of the present invention is as follows: Part of incident lightis given a phase difference corresponding to a visible light wavelengthand recombined; a light component of the visible light wavelength isemphasized by interference; and coherent light having a visible lightwavelength depending on the incident angle is returned in the travelingdirection of the incident light.

Accordingly, the reflective layer includes a light-transmissiveinterference layer, and the optical layer thickness of the interferencelayer is set to 100 to 600 nm, so that an interference color having avisible light wavelength depending on the incident angle occurs.

In the present embodiment, the multilayer interference film 14 isprovided on the surface of the colored resin layer 16 where the glassbeads 13 are buried. The metal compounds constituting the multilayerinterference film 14 of the present embodiment have an optical layerthickness of 100 to 600 nm each across the whole range of positions ofthe lower reflective focal points of the glass beads 13.

Regarding the total thickness of the multilayer interference film 14 inthe present embodiment, the maximum thickness in the range of opticallayer thickness of 300 to 600 nm is selected.

If the maximum thickness of the multilayer interference film 14 issmaller than an optical layer thickness of 300 nm, coherent lightbecomes dim. If the maximum thickness is greater than an optical layerthickness of 600 nm, the appearance color may become opaque, or desiredcoherent light may not be obtained.

It is especially preferred that each layer in the multilayerinterference film 14 have an optical layer thickness of 100 to 200 nm.

The high-refractive-index metal compound in the present embodiment isone material selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide,titanium dioxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium dioxide, alumina,and magnesium oxide. The low-refractive-index metal compound is onematerial selected from the group consisting of calcium fluoride,magnesium fluoride, sodium fluoride, and silicon dioxide.

Since the interference layer in the present embodiment includes multiplelayers, the same interference color occurring in an upper layer occursalso in a lower layer. Because the interference color is emphasized, itmatches the desired interference color more.

Second Embodiment

The basic structure in FIG. 2 is the same as that shown in FIG. 1, butit is also preferable to use a single-layer interference film 15, asmeans for reducing the cost and loss rate in comparison with themultilayer interference film 14.

The single-layer interference film (interference layer) 15 is a singlelayer of a high-refractive-index metal compound (e.g., one materialselected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide, titanium dioxide,indium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium dioxide, alumina, and magnesiumoxide) or a low-refractive-index metal compound (e.g., one materialselected from the group consisting of calcium fluoride, magnesiumfluoride, sodium fluoride, and silicon dioxide) or a metal compound(e.g., zinc-sulfide layer having an optical layer thickness of 400 nm).This interference film 15 is a reflective layer using interference, itsthickness can change, and an interference color can be obtained alsofrom interference with the metal compound. Since the metal compound hassuch properties that the evaporated compound is readily deposited on aprojected part of the deposition face and does not easily drip, it canform the single-layer interference film 15 having varying thickness bydepositing it not on a flat face such as film but on glass bead sheeting(the base layer 11, the covering layer 12, and the glass beads 13). Itis needless to say that the degree of vacuum, temperature, and time ofvapor deposition of the single-layer interference film 15 depend on thehigh-refractive-index metal compound or low-refractive-index metalcompound used.

Accordingly, the single-layer interference film 15 is a single layer ofa high-refractive-index metal compound or a low-refractive-index metalcompound and is also an interference layer causing variations in thedeposited layer thickness. Here, zinc sulfide is deposited withtemperature, time, and deposition angle specified to bring the highest(maximum) geometrical layer thickness to 180 nm and the lowest (minimum)geometrical layer thickness to 120 nm. The reflective colored resinlayer 19, the colored resin layer 16, the transparent resin layer 20,the adhesive resin layer 21, and the like can be provided under thesingle-layer interference film 15, in the same way as shown in FIG. 1.

A feature of the present embodiment is that the single-layerinterference film 15 is provided on the surface of the colored resinlayer 16 where the glass beads (transparent microscopic beads) 13 areburied.

The single-layer interference film 15 of the present embodiment has anoptical layer thickness of 100 to 600 nm across the whole range ofpositions of the lower reflective focal points of the glass beads 13.

If the optical layer thickness of the single-layer interference film 15is smaller than 100 nm, coherent light becomes dim. If the optical layerthickness is greater than 600 nm, the appearance color may becomeopaque. That is, desired coherent light may not be obtained.

Third Embodiment

FIG. 3 is a view showing the structure of an embodiment using aretroreflective member according to the present invention. A base member23 includes the base layer 11, the covering layer 12, and the glassbeads 13. The reflective colored resin layer 19, the colored resin layer16, the transparent resin layer 20, and the adhesive resin layer 21 aresilk-screen-printed in a desired design and shape on a part of the basemember 23. The face of the adhesive resin layer 21 is stuck to a targetsurface 25, and the base member 23 is peeled off. Then, a transfer image24, including the glass beads 13, the reflective colored resin layer 19,the colored resin layer 16, the transparent resin layer 20, and theadhesive resin layer 21, silk-screen-printed in the desired design andshape, is stuck to the target surface 25.

When the reflective colored resin layer 19 and the colored resin layer16 have unrelated colors or related colors, they can be used to producea visually recognizable pattern under diffused light conditions or toproduce a visually recognizable pattern under reflected light. Even ifthe transparent resin layer 20 is added, the same can be confirmedvisually, and the texture, colors, and the like of the target surface 25can be viewed. The present embodiment has the reflective colored resinlayer 19, the colored resin layer 16, and the transparent resin layer20, but it is needless to say that only any one of the reflectivecolored resin layer 19, the colored resin layer 16, and the transparentresin layer 20 can be used instead. If the reflective colored resinlayer 19 and the colored resin layer 16 have pale colors, those colorswould be mixed with the color of the target surface 25. A resin layerwith pulverized titanium dioxide or the like can be provided below thereflective colored resin layer 19 and the colored resin layer 16 toavoid color mixing.

The adhesive resin layer 21 can be hot melt resin for heat transfer,pressure-sensitive gluing resin, adhesive resin, or the like, and asuitable resin for the target surface can be selected. Therefore, heattransfer labels, adhesive stickers, appliqué, and other retroreflectivemembers requiring design or letters can be created.

By using the interference reflective layer of the present invention inthe positions of the lower reflective focal points of embossed cubes(microprisms) or closed-type retroreflective members (with buried glassbeads), which are other retroreflective members, the same iridescentreflected light can be obtained, although such a case is not shown inthe figure. However, those two types of retroreflective members have afilm-type reflective base layer and require cutting and fusion bondingby a high-frequency welder or the like to form a desired logo orletters. They can be used on road signs, safety clothing, securityvests, and other things that would use the member on the whole surface.

Examples of retroreflective members producing iridescent reflected lightaccording to the present invention will be described below.

First Example

A base member 1 was formed as follows: A covering layer about 25 μmthick was formed on the upper surface of a 100 μm thick base PET film(EMBLET (trademark)) by applying silicone-mixed polyethylene resin(5150S (trademark)) with a Comma Coater; on the covering layer, glassbeads (UB-13M (trademark)) with a refractive index of 1.92 and adiameter of 38 to 53 μm were distributed; it was dried by heat at 100°C. for about six minutes to embed the lower half of the glass beads intothe polyethylene resin; further, on the upper surface (of the glass beadface), a multilayer interference film 14 was formed by depositing zincsulfide to a thickness of 140 nm, magnesium fluoride to a thickness of140 nm, and zinc sulfide to a thickness of 140 nm with vapor depositionequipment.

A base member 2 was formed as follows: A multilayer interference film 14was formed by depositing zinc sulfide to a thickness of 140 nm, silicondioxide to a thickness of 140 nm, and zinc sulfide to a thickness of 140nm.

A base member 3 was formed as follows: A multilayer interference film 14was formed by depositing zinc sulfide to a thickness of 165 nm, silicondioxide to a thickness of 137 nm, zinc sulfide to a thickness of 165 nm,silicon dioxide to a thickness of 137 nm, and zinc sulfide to athickness of 165 nm.

To check the appearance colors of the base members 1, 2, and 3 and themultilayer interference film 14, retroreflective members each producingsingle-color iridescent reflected light (retroreflective members eachwith a fully-colored reflective layer) were obtained as follows: Areflective colored resin layer made of a mixture consisting of, byweight, 65% polyurethane resin (AG-946HV (trademark)), 20% pearl pigment(Pearl Glaze MF-100R (trademark)), 1% color pigment (K Color K603(trademark)), 5% hardener (ACCEL HM (trademark)), and 9% solvent(toluene) was applied on the multilayer interference film face of eachbase member with the Comma Coater at an applying rate of two meters perminute, with a gap width of 200 μm, and was dried by hot air at 70° C.,90° C., or 120° C.

Second Example

A single-layer interference film 15 was formed of a single metalcompound to reduce the cost and production loss rate.

A base member 4 was formed as follows: A covering layer about 25 μmthick was formed on the upper surface of a 100 μm thick base PET film(EMBLET (trademark)) by applying silicone-mixed polyethylene resin(5150S (trademark)) with a Comma Coater; on the covering layer, glassbeads (UB-13M (trademark)) with a refractive index of 1.92 and adiameter of 38 to 53 μm were distributed; it was dried by heat at 100°C. for about six minutes to embed the lower half of the glass beads intothe polyethylene resin; further, on the upper surface (of the glass beadface), zinc sulfide was deposited up to the maximum deposition layerthickness of 240 nm with vapor deposition equipment.

By the same method as described above, zinc sulfide of up to the maximumdeposition layer thickness of 360 nm (base member 5), zinc sulfide of upto the maximum deposition layer thickness of 432 nm (base member 6), andzinc sulfide of up to the maximum deposition layer thickness of 600 nm(base member 7) were deposited to form a single-layer interference film15.

As in the first example, retroreflective members each producingsingle-color iridescent reflected light (retroreflective members eachwith a fully-colored reflective layer) were obtained as follows: Areflective colored resin layer made of a mixture consisting of, byweight, 65% polyurethane resin (AG-946HV (trademark)), 20% pearl pigment(Pearl Glaze MF-100R (trademark)), 1% color pigment (K Color K603(trademark)), 5% hardener (ACCEL HM (trademark)), and 9% solvent(toluene) was applied on the base members 4, 5, 6, and 7 with the CommaCoater at an applying rate of two meters per minute, with a gap width of200 μm, and was dried by hot air at 70° C., 90° C., or 120° C.

The reflective base member films in which the interference layers weremade in the first and second examples were colored. The appearancecolors (under diffused light conditions), changes in reflected lightinterference color (under retroreflection) depending on the angle, andthe reflected luminance, which is required most in retroreflectivemembers, were observed. The results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Reflected light color (under retroreflection) ReflectionAppearance color Incident angle Incident angle Incident angle luminancerate (Under diffused light) (5°) (30°) (60°) JIS Z 9117-1984 First BaseSame as applied Yellowish Bluish Pinkish  90 cdl/xm² example member 1color interference color interference color interference color Base Sameas applied Yellowish Bluish Pinkish  90 cdl/xm² member 2 colorinterference color interference color interference color Base OpaqueYellowish to Bluish to purplish Purplish to 100 cdl/xm² member 3greenish interference color reddish interference color interferencecolor Second Base Same as applied Yellowish to pale greenishinterference  50 cdl/xm² example member 4 color Base Same as appliedYellowish through greenish to bluish interference  70 cdl/xm² member 5color Base Slightly opaque Yellowish Bluish Pinkish  90 cdl/xm² member 6interference color interference color interference color Base Slightlyopaque Yellowish through greenish to yellowish interference  90 cdl/xm²member 7 *The reflection luminance rate (conforming to JIS Z 9117-1984)in Table 1 was at an observation angle of 0.2° and an incident angle of5°.

As shown in Table 1, the desired appearance colors could be produced,and the reflected interference colors had transparency. However, as thedeposition thickness increased, the given appearance colors becameslightly opaque. Since the reflection luminance rate conformed to class1, 70 cdl/xm², and class 2, 35 cdl/xm², of the JIS Z 9117-1984 standard,it was confirmed that the products had highly safe reflectionperformance.

Unlike ordinary reflected light, the reflected light caused by themultilayer interference films 14, as in the first example, produced thedesired reflected light colors by interference. If more layers weredeposited, a wider variety of reflected interference colors would beproduced, depending on the angle, and more interference colors could beobtained. As the results of the second example listed in Table 1indicate, coherent light can be obtained even with the single-layerinterference films 15. It was found that when the film was thin, thecoherent light was dim, and when the film was too thick, desiredcoherent light could not be obtained (analogous to reflected light froma thin film).

Therefore, as retroreflective members producing iridescent reflectedlight according to the present invention, the base member 1 and basemember 2 of the first example and the base member 6 of the secondexample are suitable because they can produce the desired appearancecolor and reflected light color and have the desired reflectionperformance collectively. In terms of reflected light (interferencecolor) alone, the base member 3 of the first example is most suitable.

Third Example

The base members 1, 2, and 3 of the first example and the base member 6of the second example were selected as retroreflective films producingiridescent reflected light, and the next topics, which are the designand shape, were verified.

To verify the design, colors, shape, and properties, a heat transferlabel was created by silk-screen-printing letters and a pattern and bycopperplate-printing thermal adhesive resin for bonding with the targetsurface. Colors were verified by producing white (pale color), black(dark color), and transparent color.

The upper surfaces of the reflective layers of the base members 1, 2, 3,and 6 were silk-screen-printed. Two stencils A and B were created byusing a 150 mesh. With stencil A, resin of a colored reflective layerwas made of a mixture consisting of, by weight, 65% polyurethane resin(AG-946HV (trademark)), 20% pearl pigment (Pearl Glaze MF-100R(trademark)), 1% color pigment (K Color K208 (black)), 5% hardener(ACCEL HM (trademark)), and 9% solvent (toluene). Printing was performedwith the thickness of the printing layer set to 50 μm. The print wasdried. The process for other colors (white) was the same, but in theprocess for the transparent color, the pearl pigment and the colorpigment were excluded. Single-color printing is described here, butneedless to say, multicolor printing and a blocking layer can be added.

With stencil B, thermal adhesive resin was made of a mixture consistingof, by weight, 60% polyurethane resin (AG-865HV (trademark)), 20%pulverized melt powder (P906 (trademark)), and 20% solvent (CHA).Printing was performed with the thickness of the printing layer set to50 μm, and a heat transfer label was created. The label was pressedagainst the target surface at a press temperature of 150° C. and apressure of 500 g/cm² for ten seconds. After it became cold, the basePET liner was peeled off, and the label was stuck properly at a presstemperature of 150° C. and a pressure of 500 g/cm² for fifteen seconds.

The resultant appearance colors and reflected light colors of the basemembers, depending on coloring, are listed in Table 2, and the resultsof property tests conducted on the base members are listed in Table 3.

TABLE 2 White color Black color Transparence Appearance ReflectedAppearance Reflected Appearance Reflected color light color color lightcolor color light color First Base Same as Same as Visible Same asObject Same as example member 1 applied color Table 1 interference colorTable 1 color Table 1 Base Same as Same as Visible Same as Object Sameas member 2 applied color Table 1 interference color Table 1 color Table1 Base Slightly Same as Sharp Same as White Same as member 3 yellowishcolor Table 1 interference color Table 1 object color Table 1 SecondBase Same as Same as Visible Same as Object Same as example member 6applied color Table 1 interference color Table 1 color Table 1

TABLE 3 Coloring (white) Coloring (black) Coloring (transparent) Fadingand Fading and Fading and discoloring Change in discoloring Change indiscoloring Change in Item (class) appearance (class) appearance (class)appearance Base Water wash resistance 2 Interference 2 Interference 2Interference member 1 (method 103) color color color destroyed destroyeddestroyed Dry cleaning 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not resistance(method changed changed changed 401) Dry cleaning 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not4 to 5 Not resistance (method changed changed changed 402) Rub WaterSeveral beads came off Several beads came off Several beads came offresistance washing Dry Not changed Not changed Not changed cleaning BaseWater wash resistance 3 to 4 Several 3 to 4 Several 3 to 4 Severalmember 2 (method 104) came off came off came off Dry cleaning 4 to 5 Not4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not resistance (method changed changed changed 403)Dry cleaning 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not resistance (method changedchanged changed 404) Rub Water Several beads came off Several beads cameoff Several beads came off resistance washing Dry Not changed Notchanged Not changed cleaning Base Water wash resistance 2 Beads 2 Beads2 Beads member 3 (method 105) came off came off came off Dry cleaning 4to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not resistance (method changed changedchanged 405) Dry cleaning 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not resistance(method changed changed changed 406) Rub Water Beads came off Beads cameoff Beads came off resistance washing Dry Not changed Not changed Notchanged cleaning Base Water wash resistance 3 to 4 Several 3 to 4Several 3 to 4 Several member 6 (method 106) came off came off came offDry cleaning 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not resistance (method changedchanged changed 407) Dry cleaning 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Not 4 to 5 Notresistance (method changed changed changed 408) Rub Water Several beadscame off Several beads came off Several beads came off resistancewashing Dry Not changed Not changed Not changed cleaning

Properties were tested in terms of reflective performance, reflectiveinterference light, appearance color, and durability when used forclothing.

Water wash resistance test (JIS-L-0217, method 103): 50 cycles ofwashing; drying by thermostatic drier (60° C.×30 minutes)

Dry cleaning resistance test (JIS-L-0217, method 401): Perchlorethylene;ten cycles

Dry cleaning resistance test (JIS-L-0217, method 402): Petroleum based;ten cycles

Rub resistance test (JIS-L-0849): Type-II rub resistance tester; appliedload of 500 gf; 200 rub cycles

The results in Table 2 indicate that when the colored layer had a darkcolor, the interference colors were seen in the appearance color, andthe desired appearance color was not obtained. The results in Table 3indicate that since magnesium fluoride contained as a part of themultilayer interference film of the base member 1 dissolved in water anddestroyed the refraction layer, the interference color could not beobtained in the reflected light, and common yellowish reflected colorwas obtained. In the base member 3, which had the multilayerinterference film, adhesion between the metal compound and glass beadswas poor, and beads came off in the water wash resistance test.

According to the results, the base member 2 of the first example and thebase member 6 of the second example are the most suitable as basemembers used as retroreflective members producing iridescent reflectedlight. If the member is used in a product that would not bewater-washed, the base member 3, having the highest interferencereflection, may also be selected. It can be judged from the test resultsthat the performance and properties are adequate as those required inpractical clothing.

Fourth Example

The base member 6 of the second example was used to check applicationsfor other products. Although the base member 6 was used here, needlessto say, the base member 2 or 3 can be used in the same way. The coloredlayer of transparent resin was used and bonded with target surfaces of25-μm PET film, polyester fabric, and hot melt film. The 25-μm PET filmwas bonded to a double-sided reflective member, slit by a micro-slitterinto reflective single yarns of 0.275 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.75 mm, and woveninto textiles, knitted goods, tapes, and the like. The polyester fabric(plain) was slit into strips of 0.75 mm, 1 mm, and 3 mm and woven intotextiles and garment attachment tapes. The hot melt film was slit intostrips of 2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm and thermally transferred to garmentattachment tapes and the like.

The result was that the interference color of reflected light did notoccur with a slit product width of 0.75 mm or below. However, anassembled part produced normal reflected interference color. The garmentattachment tape using the slit polyester fabric was dyed and tested.With the dyed polyester fabric, reflective yarn of a related color forpiece dyeing was made. The resultant appearance color was as shown inTable 2, and the interference color was seen in the appearance color ifthe color was dark. The results of the hot melt film were as shown inTables 2 and 3.

Embodiments and examples of the present invention have been describedabove, but the present invention should not be confined by theembodiments and examples. Needless to say, modifications can be madewithin the scope of the present invention.

Improving Visibility Further

To improve the visibility of the retroreflective members further in theexamples, it is very important to improve the appearance color underdiffused light conditions, the reflected light color underretroreflection conditions, and the reflective performancecomprehensively. For that purpose, the optical layer thickness settingof the interference films is very important.

To check the relationship between the optical layer thickness of theinterference films and the performance of the retroreflective members,the appearance color, reflected light color, and reflective performancewere observed while varying the optical layer thickness (entirethickness) of the interference films.

Test Method

⊚: very good

◯: good

Δ: passably good

X: bad

(1) Multilayer Interference Film

In this test, to check the relationship between the optical layerthickness of the multilayer interference film 14 and the performance,the appearance color, reflected light color, and reflective performancewere observed while varying the optical layer thickness (entirethickness) of the multilayer interference film. The results are listedin Table 4.

TABLE 4 Optical 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 layer thick-ness(nm) Visible of ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ◯ ◯ Δ Δ X appearance color Changing X Δ ◯ ⊚⊚ ◯ ◯ Δ X refrected light color Property of Δ Δ ◯ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ reflectedlight (brightness)

As shown in the table, when the optical layer thickness (entirethickness) of the multilayer interference film 14 was smaller than 300nm, the coherent light was dim, and the desired interference color couldnot be obtained in some cases.

In some other cases, when the optical layer thickness (entire thickness)of the multilayer interference film 14 was greater than 600 nm, thedesired coherent light could not be obtained, or the appearance colorbecame opaque, and therefore an interference color could not beobtained.

It is concluded from the results that the optical layer thickness(entire thickness) of the multilayer interference film 14 should beselected within the range of 300 to 600 nm in the examples.

Retroreflective members having such a multilayer interference film 14can provide appearance color, reflected light color, and reflectiveperformance at an extremely high level in good balance.

(2) Single-Layer Interference Film

To check the relationship between the optical layer thickness of thesingle-layer interference film 15 and the performance, the appearancecolor, reflected light color, and reflective performance were observedwhile varying the optical layer thickness of the single-layerinterference film 15. The results are listed in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Optical layer 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 thickness(nm)Visible of ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ◯ ◯ Δ Δ appearance color Changing X Δ Δ ◯ ⊚ ⊚ Δ Xreflected light color Property of X Δ Δ ◯ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ reflected light(brightness)

As shown in the table, when the optical layer thickness of thesingle-layer interference film 15 was smaller than 100 nm, the coherentlight was dim, and the desired interference color could not be obtainedin some cases.

In some other cases, when the optical layer thickness of thesingle-layer interference film 15 was greater than 600 nm, the desiredcoherent light could not be obtained, or the appearance color becameopaque, and therefore an interference color could not be obtained.

It is concluded from the results that the optical layer thickness of thesingle-layer interference film 15 should be selected within the range of100 to 600 nm in the examples.

Retroreflective members having such a single-layer interference film 15can provide appearance color, reflected light color, and reflectiveperformance at an extremely high level in good balance.

Improving Visibility Further

To improve the visibility further in the examples, it is very importantto increase further the variety of reflected light colors. Therefore, itis especially preferred to add gradations to the optical thickness ofthe interference films within the range of 100 to 600 nm, so that theoptical thickness of the interference films depends on the incidentangle.

Production Method

The method of producing gradations will be described with reference toFIG. 4. The figure is illustrated for an open-type retroreflectivemember. The structure is simplified for convenience of illustration.

The gradation production method shown in the figure includes a thinlayer deposition step (FIG. 4(A)), a film base member bonding step (FIG.4(B)), and a protection film removal step (FIG. 4(C)).

In the thin layer deposition step shown in FIG. 4(A), a thin. ZnS filmis deposited on original bead sheeting (glass beads) 13 held by aprotection film 30. The uneven surface produced by the hemisphericalshapes of the glass beads 13 gives gradations to the thickness of thethin ZnS film, decreasing the thickness from the peaks to the otherparts.

As a result, the single-layer interference film 15, made of theegg-shaped, thin ZnS film, can be formed along the glass beads 13, asshown in FIG. 4(B).

After the thin film is deposited, in the film base member bonding stepshown in FIG. 4(B), a film base member 32 is bonded to the film shown inFIG. 4(A).

After the film base member is bonded, in the protection film removalstep shown in FIG. 4(C), the protection film 30 is removed as shown inFIG. 4(B).

By the method described above, gradations are added to the optical layerthickness of the single-layer interference film 15 within the range of100 to 600 nm when the retroreflective members of the example arecreated.

The retroreflective members can be divided into two types: closed typeand open type. When gradations are added to the optical layer thickness,it is especially preferable to deposit the film on the open-type member.

The closed-type member has an almost flat surface in the verticaldirection, as viewed from the deposition source, and the thininterference film of ZnS would have constant thickness. Therefore, thelayer thickness of the reflective part changes little. The open-typemember, however, has an uneven surface due to the hemispherical parts ofthe transparent microscopic beads, so gradations are created in thethickness of the thin interference film of ZnS, decreasing the thicknessfrom the peaks toward the other parts.

With this production method, the layer thickness can range as follows,for instance.

Method of Measuring Layer Thickness Distribution

The layer thickness distribution of the interference film was measuredas described below.

As shown in FIG. 5(A), a thin ZnS film was deposited on original beadsheeting (glass beads) 13 held by the protection film 30, and thesingle-layer interference film 15 was obtained as shown in FIG. 5(B).

As shown in FIG. 5(B), a double-sided tape base member 40 was bonded tothe piece shown in FIG. 5(A).

As shown in FIG. 5(C), the piece shown in FIG. 5(B) was put on a stage42, and the protection film 30 was peeled off.

As shown in FIG. 5(D), an adhesive tape 44 was bonded to the piece shownin FIG. 5(C).

As shown in FIG. 5(E), when the adhesive tape 44 was removed from thepiece shown in FIG. 5(D), the glass beads 13 were also removed togetherwith the adhesive tape 44.

From the upper surface of the interference film 15 shown in FIG. 5(F),the distribution of layer thickness (nm) of the single-layerinterference film 15 was measured by an ultra depth profile measurementmicroscope.

The layer thickness of the single-layer interference film 15 wasmeasured at positions shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6(A) is a top view of thesingle-layer interference film 15, and FIG. 6(B) is a side view of thesingle-layer interference film 15. As shown in the figure, of thepositions in the single-layer interference film 15 viewed from above,position P3 is at the center, and positions P1, P2, P4, and P5 areprovided on the right side and on the left side at intervals of about 10μm. Examples of layer thickness (nm) at the given positions P1 to P5 arelisted in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Measurement position P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Optical layer thickness (nm)190 330 400 330 190

As a result of examining the layer thickness distribution of thesingle-layer interference film 15, it was found that, to obtain desiredinterference colors, it was preferable to add gradations to the opticallayer thickness of the single-layer interference film 15 within therange of 100 to 200 nm in such a manner that the ratio of the opticallayer thickness T₉₀ when the incident angle of light with respect to thesurface of the retroreflective member is 90 degrees, the optical layerthickness T₇₅ when the incident angle is 75 degrees, the optical layerthickness T₆₀ when the incident angle is 60 degrees, the optical layerthickness T₄₅ when the incident angle is 45 degrees, and the opticallayer thickness T₃₀ when the incident angle is 30 degrees satisfies therelationship 1.00:0.95:0.85:0.70:0.50.

Effects

The effects of the obtained single-layer interference film 15 will bedescribed below with reference to FIG. 7.

FIG. 7 shows an enlarged view of the interference film 15, which is acharacteristic part of the retroreflective member, and its vicinity.

As shown in the figure, the layer thickness of the interference film 15varies as described earlier.

When the incident angle changes from 90 degrees through 60 degrees to 30degrees, as shown at A, B, and C in FIG. 7, the zinc-sulfide filmthickness of interference film parts 15 a, 15 b, and 15 c, where theincident light is converged and reflected, changes from T₉₀ through T₆₀to T₃₀ (T₉₀>T₆₀>T₃₀).

Because the wavelengths of light strengthened (and attenuated) by theinterference of light change more strongly, so-called iridescentinterference colors, which depend on the incident angle, can be obtainedmore clearly.

To check the performance of the retroreflective member, color tones weremeasured by using the samples listed below and the measurement methoddescribed below.

Third Example

Material of interference film: ZnS

Optical layer thickness of interference film: As indicated in Table 6

Laminated member with a transparent layer bonded to a lower part of theinterference film

Fourth Example

Material of interference film: ZnS

Optical layer thickness of interference film: As indicated in Table 6

Laminated member with a white layer bonded to a lower part of theinterference film

First Comparative Example

Material of reflective layer: Aluminum

Second Comparative Example

Infinite Color, Prevailing Blue, BP, manufactured by Shiseido Co., Ltd.(coated, titanated mica Li₂CoTi₃O₈: The appearance color is blue, andthe interference color is purple)

Measurement Method

To measure the color tones of the obtained retroreflective member, theretroreflective light tone measurement equipment shown in FIG. 8 wasused.

The retroreflective light tone measurement equipment 50 shown in thefigure includes a white light source 52, a half mirror 54 (visible lightreflectivity of 90%), and a non-contact imaging colorimeter 56. A sampleretroreflective member 10 was placed in the optical path.

In the measurement, white linearly light was applied to the sampleretroreflective member 10, and the angle of the sample 10 was variedfrom 90 degrees to 15 degrees. The color tones (brightness, hues, etc.)of retroreflected light were measured by the non-contact imagingcolorimeter 56 at given angles.

Hues

FIG. 9 shows reflected light color images of the samples obtained by thenon-contact imaging colorimeter 56. FIG. 10 shows the same resultsexpressed in the L*a*b* colorimetric system. Table 8 below lists theobserved results with respect to four items: Optical layer thickness(nm) of the interference film 15, wavelength (nm) of reflected lightmost strengthened by interference, incident angle (degrees) of light,and interference color of reflected light.

TABLE 7 Interference color of first order Optical layer thickness(nm)100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Emphasized wavelength(nm)400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800 Incident angle(degree) 15 2535 Observed interference color Orange Red Red purple

TABLE 8 Interference color of second order Optical layer thickness(nm)300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 Emphasized wavelength(nm)400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800 Incident angle(degree) 45 6075 90 Observed interference color Blue purple Blue Green Yellow green

FIG. 9(A) showing the first comparative example indicates that when theincident angle of the white linearly light was varied from 90 degrees to15 degrees, the color of retroreflected light did not change andremained white: white (at an incident angle of 90 degrees), white (at anincident angle of 75 degrees), white (at an incident angle of 60degrees), white (at an incident angle of 45 degrees), white (at anincident angle of 35 degrees), white (at an incident angle of 25degrees), and slightly dark white (at an incident angle of 15 degrees).

FIG. 9(B) showing the second comparative example indicates that when theincident angle of the white linearly light was varied from 90 degrees to45 degrees, the color of retroreflected light remained almost blue:bluish purple (at an incident angle of 90 degrees), bluish purple (at anincident angle of 75 degrees), blue (at an incident angle of 60degrees), and dark blue (at an incident angle of 45 degrees). At anincident angle beyond 45 degrees, the blue color became very dark, whichwas nearly impossible to observe.

FIG. 9(C) showing the third example indicates that when the incidentangle of the white linearly light was varied from 90 degrees to 15degrees, the color of retroreflected light changed considerably:yellowish green (at an incident angle of 90 degrees), green (at anincident angle of 75 degrees), blue (at an incident angle of 60degrees), bluish purple (at an incident angle of 45 degrees), reddishpurple (at an incident angle of 35 degrees), red (at an incident angleof 25 degrees), and orange (at an incident angle of 15 degrees).

Those results clearly show that, in the third example, the incidentangle varying from 90 degrees to 15 degrees changed the color ofretroreflected light greatly: yellowish green (90 degrees), green (75degrees), blue (60 degrees), bluish purple (45 degrees), reddish purple(35 degrees), red (25 degrees), and orange (15 degrees).

In both the first comparative example and the second comparativeexample, the incident angle varying from 90 degrees to 15 degreeschanged the hue little.

In comparison with the comparative examples, the third example changedthe hue greatly with the incident angle varying from 90 to 15 degrees.This means that a wider variety of reflected light colors is provided.

Brightness

The relationship between the incident angle of the white linearly lightand the brightness of the retroreflected light was measured for thesamples. The results are shown in FIG. 11.

The figure clearly indicates that, like the first comparative example,the third and fourth examples showed very high brightness in a widerange of incident angles of 15 to 90 degrees, in comparison with thesecond comparative example.

Chroma

The relationship between the incident angle of the white linearly lightand the chroma of the retroreflected light was measured for the samples.The results are shown in FIG. 12.

The figure clearly indicates that, like the first comparative example,the third and fourth examples showed very high chroma especially at anincident angle ranging from 30 to 90 degrees, in comparison with thesecond comparative example.

According to retroreflective members of the examples, the hues ofretroreflected light varied widely at an incident angle ranging from 15to 90 degrees, and the brightness and chroma were high. Theretroreflective members exhibited both a wide variety of colors andimproved light use efficiency. Therefore, the examples have furtherimproved visibility in a wide range of incident angles from 15 to 90degrees.

The gradations of the single-layer interference film 15 have beenexplained above, and the same explanation applies to the multilayerinterference film 14.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an enlarged view showing a retroreflective member having amultilayer interference film as its reflective layer, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view showing a retroreflective member having asingle-layer interference film as its reflective layer, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged view showing an embodiment of a patterning methodof a retroreflective member according to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a method of producing a characteristicreflective layer in an example.

FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a method of measuring layer thicknessdistribution of a characteristic reflective layer in an example.

FIG. 6 is a view illustrating positions where the layer thicknessdistribution of the characteristic reflective layer in the example ismeasured.

FIG. 7 is a view illustrating the effects of the characteristicreflective layer in the example.

FIG. 8 is a view illustrating equipment for measuring color tones of thecharacteristic reflective layer in the example.

FIG. 9 shows images comparing changes in hue when the reflective layerof the example was used and when reflective layers of the related artwere used.

FIG. 10 is a view illustrating changes in hue when the reflective layerof the example was used and when the reflective layers of the relatedart were used.

FIG. 11 is a view illustrating brightness when the reflective layers ofthe examples were used and when the reflective layers of the related artwere used.

FIG. 12 is a view illustrating chroma when the reflective layers of theexamples were used and when the reflective layers of the related artwere used.

-   11 Base layer-   12 Covering layer (Grass beads temporary adhesive resin layer)-   13 Grass bead-   14 Multilayer interference layer (interference layer)-   15 Single layer interference layer (interference layer)-   16 Colored resin layer-   17 Resin layer upside colored resin layer-   18 Reflected color pigment-   19 Reflective colored resin layer (colored layer)-   20 Transparent resin layer (colorless transparent layer)-   21 Adhesive resin layer (adhesive layer)-   22 Target surface-   23 Base member sheet (11, 12, 13)-   24 Shape mark (13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21)-   25 Target surface

What is claimed is:
 1. A retroreflective member comprising a singlereflective layer and transparent microscopic beads, wherein theretroreflective member returns at least part of visible light incidentat an incident angle in the direction of the incident angle at a phasedifference corresponding to a visible light wavelength therebyintensifying a light component having the visible light wavelength byinterference by generating a coherent light from the incident lighthaving the phase difference and the incident light of non-phasedifference, and wherein the wavelength of the intensified lightcomponent of the visible light wavelength depends on the incident angle,wherein the single reflective layer comprises a metal compound providedjust below the transparent microscopic beads that has a higherrefractive index than the transparent microscopic beads; wherein themetal compound is a material selected from the group consisting of zincsulfide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, zirconium dioxide, magnesiumoxide, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, sodium fluoride, andsilicon dioxide; wherein the single reflective layer has an opticallayer thickness within the range of 0 to 600 nm; wherein the ratio ofthe optical layer thickness T₉₀ when the incident angle of light withrespect to the surface of the retroreflective member is 90 degrees, theoptical layer thickness T₆₀ when the incident angle is 60 degrees andthe optical layer thickness T₃₀ when the incident angle is 30 degreessatisfies the relationship 1.00:0.85:0.50; and wherein a thickness of atransmitting part of the incident light in the optical layer hasgradations within the range of 100 to 600 nm.
 2. A retroreflectivemember according to claim 1, wherein the single reflective layer isformed of a zinc-sulfide layer having an optical layer thickness of 100to 432 nm.
 3. A retroreflective member according to claim 2, wherein acolored layer or a colorless transparent layer is provided below thesingle reflective layer and above the transparent microscopic beads. 4.A retroreflective member according to claim 2, wherein a colored layer,a colorless transparent layer, or a base member bonding adhesive layeris provided below the single reflective layer.
 5. A retroreflectivemember according to claim 1, wherein gradations within the range of 100to 600 nm are added to the optical layer thickness of the singlereflective layer such that the ratio of the optical layer thickness T₉₀when the incident angle of light with respect to the surface of theretroreflective member is 90 degrees, the optical layer thickness T₇₅when the incident angle is 75 degrees, the optical layer thickness T₆₀when the incident angle is 60 degrees, the optical layer thickness T₄₅when the incident angle is 45 degrees, and the optical layer thicknessT₃₀ when the incident angle is 30 degrees satisfies the relationship1.00:0.95:0.85:0.70:0.50.
 6. A retroreflective member according to claim5, wherein a colored layer or a colorless transparent layer is providedbelow the single reflective layer and above the transparent microscopicbeads.
 7. A retroreflective member according to claim 5, wherein acolored layer, a colorless transparent layer, or a base member bondingadhesive layer is provided below the single reflective layer.
 8. Aretroreflective member according to claim 1, wherein a colored layer ora colorless transparent layer is provided below the single reflectivelayer and above the transparent microscopic beads.
 9. A retroreflectivemember according to claim 8, wherein a colored layer, a colorlesstransparent layer, or a base member bonding adhesive layer is providedbelow the single reflective layer.
 10. A retroreflective memberaccording to claim 1, wherein a colored layer, a colorless transparentlayer, or a base member bonding adhesive layer is provided below thesingle reflective layer.